Why Virtues Are a Symptom, Not a Goal

Nobody argues with virtues. Call someone joyful, generous, or hardworking and they'll be admired. Call someone envious or manipulative and they'll get side-eyed and avoided. Virtues are the kind of thing everyone agrees on, which is why we rarely stop to ask what actually produces them.

The temptation is to treat virtue as the goal itself. Just be more patient. Just be more grateful. It's a little like trying to keep a plant looking healthy without knowing anything about soil, water, roots, or light. The leaves might look fine for a while. They won't stay that way.

So what actually causes a virtue to happen?